Science Focus Area: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Principal Investigator
Stephen Klein
— Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Co-Investigators
Hsi-Yen Ma —
Xue Zheng —
Yunyan Zhang —
Abstract
Since 2009, the boundary layer and its clouds, precipitation, and patterns of radiation have been under the lens of a Science Focus Area (SFA) project at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
The SFA’s researchers investigate how low clouds over both land and ocean behave; evaluate how well current models are representing such clouds and their interactions with the surface compared to observational data, and create diagnostic tools that improve model performance.
The Livermore ASR SFA team studies how clouds, the boundary layer, and the surface of the land function in nature; test how well various models agree with observations; and provide critiques of how well clouds are represented.
Read more about this SFA in this ASR feature story.
Related Publications
Tian J, Y Zhang, S Klein, R Ӧktem, and L Wang. 2022. "How does land cover and its heterogeneity length scales affect the formation of summertime shallow cumulus clouds in observations from the US Southern Great Plains?" Geophysical Research Letters, 49(7), e2021GL097070, 10.1029/2021GL097070.
Tian Y, Y Zhang, and S Klein. 2022. "What determines the number and the timing of pulses in afternoon precipitation in the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon) observations?" Geophysical Research Letters, 49(2), e2021GL096075, 10.1029/2021GL096075.
Beamesderfer E, C Buechner, C Faiola, M Helbig, Z Sanchez‐Mejia, A Yáñez‐Serrano, Y Zhang, and A Richardson. 2022. "Advancing Cross‐Disciplinary Understanding of Land‐Atmosphere Interactions." Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 127(2), e2021JG006707, 10.1029/2021JG006707.
Tang S, S Xie, Z Guo, S Hong, B Khouider, D Klocke, M Köhler, M Koo, P Krishna, V Larson, S Park, P Vaillancourt, Y Wang, J Yang, C Daleu, C Homeyer, T Jones, N Malap, R Neggers, T Prabhakaran, E Ramirez, C Schumacher, C Tao, P Bechtold, H Ma, J Neelin, and X Zeng. 2021. "Long-Term Single-Model Intercomparison of Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation over Midlatitude and Tropical Land." Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 148(743), 10.1002/qj.4222.
Caldwell P, C Terai, B Hillman, N Keen, P Bogenschutz, W Lin, H Beydoun, M Taylor, L Bertagna, A Bradley, T Clevenger, A Donahue, C Eldred, J Foucar, J Golaz, O Guba, R Jacob, J Johnson, J Krishna, W Liu, K Pressel, A Salinger, B Singh, A Steyer, P Ullrich, D Wu, X Yuan, J Shpund, H Ma, and C Zender. 2021. "Convection‐Permitting Simulations with the E3SM Global Atmosphere Model." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 13(11), e2021MS002544, 10.1029/2021MS002544.
Pan B, G Anderson, A Goncalves, D Lucas, C Bonfils, J Lee, Y Tian, and H Ma. 2021. "Learning to Correct Climate Projection Biases." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 13(10), e2021MS002509, 10.1029/2021MS002509.
Ghate V, M Cadeddu, X Zheng, and E O'Connor. 2021. "Turbulence in the Marine Boundary Layer and Air Motions below Stratocumulus Clouds at the ARM Eastern North Atlantic Site." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 60(10), 10.1175/JAMC-D-21-0087.1.
Tian J, Y Zhang, S Klein, L Wang, R Öktem, and D Romps. 2021. "Summertime Continental Shallow Cumulus Cloud Detection Using GOES-16 Satellite and Ground-Based Stereo Cameras at the DOE ARM Southern Great Plains Site." Remote Sensing, 13(12), 10.3390/rs13122309.
Ma H, K Zhang, S Tang, S Xie, and R Fu. 2021. "Evaluation of the causes of wet‐season dry biases over Amazonia in CAM5." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126(11), e2020JD033859, 10.1029/2020JD033859.
Wang Y, G Zhang, S Xie, W Lin, G Craig, Q Tang, and H Ma. 2021. "Effects of coupling a stochastic convective parameterization with the Zhang–McFarlane scheme on precipitation simulation in the DOE E3SMv1.0 atmosphere model." Geoscientific Model Development, 14(3), 10.5194/gmd-14-1575-2021.
Tao C, Y Zhang, Q Tang, H Ma, V Ghate, S Tang, S Xie, and J Santanello. 2021. "Land–Atmosphere Coupling at the U.S. Southern Great Plains: A Comparison on Local Convective Regimes between ARM Observations, Reanalysis, and Climate Model Simulations." Journal of Hydrometeorology, 22(2), 10.1175/JHM-D-20-0078.1.
Tian Y, Y Zhang, S Klein, and C Schumacher. 2021. "Interpreting the diurnal cycle of clouds and precipitation in the ARM GoAmazon observations: Shallow to deep convection transition." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126(5), 2020JD033766, 10.1029/2020JD033766.
Wang Y, W Xia, X Liu, S Xie, W Lin, Q Tang, H Ma, Y Jiang, B Wang, and G Zhang. 2021. "Disproportionate control on aerosol burden by light rain." Nature Geoscience, 14(2), 10.1038/s41561-020-00675-z.
Ma H, C Zhou, Y Zhang, S Klein, M Zelinka, X Zheng, S Xie, W Chen, and C Wu. 2021. "A multi-year short-range hindcast experiment with CESM1 for evaluating climate model moist processes from diurnal to interannual timescales." Geoscientific Model Development, 14(1), 10.5194/gmd-14-73-2021.
Qian Y, Z Yang, Z Feng, Y Liu, W Gustafson, L Berg, M Huang, B Yang, and H Ma. 2020. "Neglecting irrigation contributes to the simulated summertime warm-and-dry bias in the central United States." npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 3(1), 31, 10.1038/s41612-020-00135-w.
Zhang M, S Xie, X Liu, W Lin, K Zhang, H Ma, X Zheng, and Y Zhang. 2020. "Toward Understanding the Simulated Phase Partitioning of Arctic Single‐Layer Mixed‐Phase Clouds in E3SM." Earth and Space Science, 7(7), e2020EA001125, 10.1029/2020EA001125.
Zheng X, S Klein, V Ghate, S Santos, J McGibbon, P Caldwell, P Bogenschutz, W Lin, and M Cadeddu. 2020. "Assessment of Precipitating Marine Stratocumulus Clouds in the E3SMv1 Atmosphere Model: A Case Study from the ARM MAGIC Field Campaign." Monthly Weather Review, 148(8), 10.1175/MWR-D-19-0349.1.
Caldwell P, A Mametjanov, Q Tang, L Van Roekel, J Golaz, W Lin, D Bader, N Keen, Y Feng, R Jacob, M Maltrud, A Roberts, M Taylor, M Veneziani, H Wang, J Wolfe, K Balaguru, P Cameron‐Smith, L Dong, S Klein, L Leung, H Li, Q Li, X Liu, R Neale, M Pinheiro, Y Qian, P Ullrich, S Xie, Y Yang, Y Zhang, K Zhang, and T Zhou. 2019. "The DOE E3SM Coupled Model Version 1: Description and Results at High Resolution." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11(12), 10.1029/2019MS001870.
Siongco A, H Ma, S Klein, S Xie, A Karspeck, K Raeder, and J Anderson. 2019. "A hindcast approach to diagnosing the equatorial Pacific cold tongue SST bias in CESM1." Journal of Climate, 33(4), 10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0513.1.
Tao C, Y Zhang, S Tang, Q Tang, H Ma, S Xie, and M Zhang. 2019. "Regional Moisture Budget and Land‐Atmosphere Coupling over the U.S. Southern Great Plains Inferred from the ARM Long‐Term Observations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(17-18), 10.1029/2019JD030585.
Lim K, L Riihimaki, Y Shi, D Flynn, J Kleiss, L Berg, W Gustafson, Y Zhang, and K Johnson. 2019. "Long-term retrievals of cloud type and fair-weather shallow cumulus events at the ARM SGP site." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 36(10), 10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0215.1.
Chen W, C Wu, and H Ma. 2019. "Evaluating the bias of South China Sea summer monsoon precipitation associated with fast physical processes using climate model hindcast approach." Journal of Climate, 32(14), 10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0660.1.
Zhang Y, S Xie, W Lin, S Klein, M Zelinka, P Ma, P Rasch, Y Qian, Q Tang, and H Ma. 2019. "Evaluation of Clouds in Version 1 of the E3SM Atmosphere Model With Satellite Simulators." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11(5), 10.1029/2018MS001562.
Tang S, S Xie, M Zhang, Q Tang, Y Zhang, S Klein, D Cook, and R Sullivan. 2019. "Differences in Eddy‐Correlation and Energy‐Balance Surface Turbulent Heat Flux Measurements and Their Impacts on the Large‐Scale Forcing Fields at the ARM SGP Site." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(6), 10.1029/2018JD029689.
Terai C, Y Zhang, S Klein, M Zelinka, J Chiu, and Q Min. 2019. "Mechanisms behind the extratropical stratiform low‐cloud optical depth response to temperature in ARM site observations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124(4), doi:10.1029/2018JD029359.
Lee J, Y Zhang, and S Klein. 2018. "The effect of land surface heterogeneity and background wind on shallow cumulus clouds and the transition to deeper convection." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 76(2), 10.1175/JAS-D-18-0196.1.
Qian Y, H Wan, B Yang, J Golaz, B Harrop, Z Hou, V Larson, L Leung, G Lin, W Lin, P Ma, H Ma, P Rasch, B Singh, H Wang, S Xie, and K Zhang. 2018. "Parametric Sensitivity and Uncertainty Quantification in the Version 1 of E3SM Atmosphere Model Based on Short Perturbed Parameter Ensemble Simulations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(23), 10.1029/2018JD028927.
Zhang T, M Zhang, W Lin, Y Lin, W Xue, H Yu, J He, X Xin, H Ma, S Xie, and W Zheng. 2018. "Automatic tuning of the Community Atmospheric Model (CAM5) by using short-term hindcasts with an improved downhill simplex optimization method." Geoscientific Model Development, 11(12), 10.5194/gmd-11-5189-2018.
Tang Q, S Xie, Y Zhang, T Phillips, J Santanello, D Cook, L Riihimaki, and K Gaustad. 2018. "Heterogeneity in Warm-Season Land-Atmosphere Coupling Over the U.S. Southern Great Plains." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(15), 10.1029/2018JD028463.
Zeng X, D Klocke, B Shipway, M Singh, I Sandu, W Hannah, P Bogenschutz, Y Zhang, H Morrison, M Pritchard, and C Rio. 2018. "Future Community Efforts in Understanding and Modeling Atmospheric Processes." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 99(9), 10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0139.1.
Lareau N, Y Zhang, and S Klein. 2018. "Observed Boundary Layer Controls on Shallow Cumulus at the ARM Southern Great Plains Site." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 75(7), 10.1175/JAS-D-17-0244.1.
Morcrette C, K Van Weverberg, H Ma, M Ahlgrimm, E Bazile, L Berg, A Cheng, F Cheruy, J Cole, R Forbes, W Gustafson, M Huang, W Lee, Y Liu, L Mellul, W Merryfield, Y Qian, R Roehrig, Y Wang, S Xie, K Xu, C Zhang, S Klein, and J Petch. 2018. "Introduction to CAUSES: Description of Weather and Climate Models and Their Near-Surface Temperature Errors in 5 day Hindcasts Near the Southern Great Plains." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(5), doi:10.1002/2017JD027199.
Zhang C, S Xie, S Klein, H Ma, S Tang, K Van Weverberg, C Morcrette, and J Petch. 2018. "CAUSES: Diagnosis of the Summertime Warm Bias in CMIP5 Climate Models at the ARM Southern Great Plains Site." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(6), 10.1002/2017JD027200.
Ma H, S Klein, S Xie, C Zhang, S Tang, Q Tang, C Morcrette, K Van Weverberg, J Petch, M Ahlgrimm, L Berg, F Cheruy, J Cole, R Forbes, W Gustafson, M Huang, Y Liu, W Merryfield, Y Qian, R Roehrig, and Y Wang. 2018. "CAUSES: On the Role of Surface Energy Budget Errors to the Warm Surface Air Temperature Error over the Central United States." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(5), 10.1002/2017JD027194.
Qin Y, Y Lin, S Xu, H Ma, and S Xie. 2018. "A Diagnostic PDF Cloud Scheme to Improve Subtropical Low Clouds in NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5)." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 10(2), 10.1002/2017MS001095.
Van Weverberg K, C Morcrette, J Petch, S Klein, H Ma, C Zhang, S Xie, Q Tang, W Gustafson Jr, Y Qian, L Berg, Y Liu, M Huang, M Ahlgrimm, R Forbes, E Bazile, R Roehrig, J Cole, W Merryfield, W Lee, F Cheruy, L Mellul, Y Wang, K Johnson, and M Thieman. 2018. "CAUSES: Attribution of Surface Radiation Biases in NWP and Climate Models near the U.S. Southern Great Plains." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(7), 10.1002/2017JD027188.
Zhang Y, S Xie, S Klein, R Marchand, P Kollias, E Clothiaux, W Lin, K Johnson, D Swales, A Bodas-Salcedo, S Tang, J Haynes, S Collis, M Jensen, N Bharadwaj, J Hardin, and B Isom. 2018. "The ARM Cloud Radar Simulator for Global Climate Models: A New Tool for Bridging Field Data and Climate Models." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 99(1), 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0258.1.
Li J, S Lee, H Ma, G Stephens, and B Guan. 2018. "Assessment of the cloud liquid water from climate models and reanalysis using satellite observations." Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, 29(6), 10.3319/TAO.2018.07.04.01.
Phillips T, S Klein, H Ma, Q Tang, S Xie, I Williams, J Santanello, D Cook, and M Torn. 2017. "Using ARM Observations to Evaluate Climate Model Simulations of Land-Atmosphere Coupling on the U.S. Southern Great Plains." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122(21), doi:10.1002/2017JD027141.
Zheng X, S Klein, H Ma, P Caldwell, V Larson, A Gettelman, and P Bogenschutz. 2017. "A cloudy planetary boundary layer oscillation arising from the coupling of turbulence with precipitation in climate simulations." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 9(4), 10.1002/2017MS000993.
Zhang Y, S Klein, J Fan, A Chandra, P Kollias, S Xie, and S Tang. 2017. "Large-eddy simulation of shallow cumulus over land: A composite case based on ARM long-term observations at its Southern Great Plains site." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 74(10), 10.1175/JAS-D-16-0317.1.
Terai C, P Caldwell, S Klein, Q Tang, and M Branstetter. 2017. "The atmospheric hydrologic cycle in the ACME v0.3 model." Climate Dynamics, 50(9-10), 10.1007/s00382-017-3803-x.
Zheng X, SA Klein, H Ma, P Bogenschutz, A Gettelman, and VE Larson. 2016. "Assessment of marine boundary layer cloud simulations in the CAM with CLUBB and updated microphysics scheme based on ARM observations from the Azores." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 121(14), 10.1002/2016jd025274.
Randall D, A Del Genio, L Donner, W Collins, and S Klein. 2016. "The Impact of ARM on Climate Modeling." Meteorological Monographs, 57, 10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-15-0050.1.
Ma H, C Chuang, SA Klein, M Lo, Y Zhang, S Xie, X Zheng, P Ma, Y Zhang, and TJ Phillips. 2015. "An improved hindcast approach for evaluation and diagnosis of physical processes in global climate models." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 7(4), 10.1002/2015ms000490.
Chandra AS, C Zhang, SA Klein, and H Ma. 2015. "Low-cloud characteristics over the tropical western Pacific from ARM observations and CAM5 simulations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120(17), 52402, 10.1002/2015jd023369.
Ma H, S Xie, SA Klein, KD Williams, JS Boyle, S Bony, H Douville, S Fermepin, B Medeiros, S Tyteca, M Watanabe, and DL Williamson. 2014. "On the Correspondence between Mean Forecast Errors and Climate Errors in CMIP5 Models." Journal of Climate, 27(4), 10.1175/jcli-d-13-00474.1.
Phillips TJ and SA Klein. 2014. "Land-atmosphere coupling manifested in warm-season observations on the U.S. southern great plains." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 119(2), 10.1002/2013jd020492.
Lin Y, M Zhao, Y Ming, J Golaz, L Donner, S Klein, V Ramaswamy, and S Xie. 2013. "Precipitation Partitioning, Tropical Clouds, and Intraseasonal Variability in GFDL AM2." Journal of Climate, 26(15), 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00442.1.
Williams K, A Bodas-Salcedo, M Déqué, S Fermepin, B Medeiros, M Watanabe, C Jakob, S Klein, C Senior, and D Williamson. 2013. "The Transpose-AMIP II Experiment and Its Application to the Understanding of Southern Ocean Cloud Biases in Climate Models." Journal of Climate, 26(10), 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00429.1.
Zhang Y and SA Klein. 2013. "Factors Controlling the Vertical Extent of Fair-Weather Shallow Cumulus Clouds over Land: Investigation of Diurnal-Cycle Observations Collected at the ARM Southern Great Plains Site." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 70(4), 10.1175/jas-d-12-0131.1.
Ma H, S Xie, JS Boyle, SA Klein, and Y Zhang. 2013. "Metrics and Diagnostics for Precipitation-Related Processes in Climate Model Short-Range Hindcasts." Journal of Climate, 26(5), 10.1175/jcli-d-12-00235.1.
Xie S, H Ma, JS Boyle, SA Klein, and Y Zhang. 2012. "On the correspondence between short- and long-time-scale systematic errors in CAM4/CAM5 for the Year of Tropical Convection." Journal of Climate, 25(22), 10.1175/jcli-d-12-00134.1.
Lin YL, LJ Donner, J Petch, P Bechtold, J Boyle, SA Klein, T Komori, K Wapler, M Willett, X Xie, M Zhao, S Xie, SA McFarlane, and C Schumacher. 2012. "TWP-ICE global atmospheric model intercomparison: Convection responsiveness and resolution impact." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 117(D9), D09111, 10.1029/2011jd017018.
Zhao C, SA Klein, S Xie, X Liu, JS Boyle, and Y Zhang. 2012. "Aerosol first indirect effects on non-precipitating low-level liquid cloud properties as simulated by CAM5 at ARM sites." Geophysical Research Letters, 39(8), L08806, 10.1029/2012gl051213.
Chuang CC, JT Kelly, JS Boyle, and S Xie. 2012. "Sensitivity of aerosol indirect effects to cloud nucleation and autoconversion parameterizations in short-range weather forecasts during the May 2003 aerosol IOP." Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 4(3), M09001, 10.1029/2012ms000161.
Donner L, B Wyman, R Hemler, L Horowitz, Y Ming, M Zhao, J Golaz, P Ginoux, S Lin, M Schwarzkopf, J Austin, G Alaka, W Cooke, T Delworth, S Freidenreich, C Gordon, S Griffies, I Held, W Hurlin, S Klein, T Knutson, A Langenhorst, H Lee, Y Lin, B Magi, S Malyshev, P Milly, V Naik, M Nath, R Pincus, J Ploshay, V Ramaswamy, C Seman, E Shevliakova, J Sirutis, W Stern, R Stouffer, R Wilson, M Winton, A Wittenberg, and F Zeng. 2011. "The Dynamical Core, Physical Parameterizations, and Basic Simulation Characteristics of the Atmospheric Component AM3 of the GFDL Global Coupled Model CM3." Journal of Climate, 24(13), 10.1175/2011JCLI3955.1.
Boyle JS and SA Klein. 2010. "Impact of horizontal resolution on climate model forecasts of tropical precipitation and diabatic heating for the TWP-ICE period." Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres, 115(D23), D23113, 10.1029/2010jd014262.
Zhang Y and SA Klein. 2010. "Mechanisms Affecting the Transition from Shallow to Deep Convection over Land: Inferences from Observations of the Diurnal Cycle Collected at the ARM Southern Great Plains Site." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 67(9), 10.1175/2010jas3366.1.
Wyant M, R Wood, C Bretherton, C Mechoso, J Bacmeister, M Balmaseda, B Barrett, F Codron, P Earnshaw, J Fast, C Hannay, J Kaiser, H Kitagawa, S Klein, M Köhler, J Manganello, H Pan, F Sun, S Wang, and Y Wang. 2010. "The PreVOCA experiment: modeling the lower troposphere in the Southeast Pacific." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10(10), 10.5194/acp-10-4757-2010.